Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers -- Slade and Wissow 113 (5): 1321 -- Pediatrics

Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers -- Slade and Wissow 113 (5): 1321 -- Pediatrics: "Conclusion. Among white non-Hispanic children but not among black and Hispanic children, spanking frequency before age 2 is significantly and positively associated with child behavior problems at school age. These findings are consistent with those reported in studies of children older than 2 years but extend these findings to children who are spanked beginning at a relatively early age."